Direct and Indirect Speech

 Direct and Indirect Speech

प्रत्यक्ष आणि अप्रत्यक्ष कथन

एखादी व्यक्ती काय म्हणाली - त्याचे म्हणणे सांगण्याच्या दोन पध्दती  आहेत. .....

 1) Direct speech  - या प्रकारात आपण बोलणाऱ्याचे शब्द जसेच्या तसे सांगतो त्यास direct speech म्हणतात.

2) Indirect speech  - या प्रकारामध्ये बोलणाऱ्याचे शब्द जसेच्या तसे न सांगता (न वापरता) बोलणाऱ्याच्या वाक्याचा बिनचूक अर्थ आपल्या शब्दात ठराविक बदल करुन सांगतात त्यास Indirect speech म्हणतात.

• Reporting Verb -  अवतरण चिन्हांच्या बाहेरील क्रियापदास Reporting verb म्हणतात.

उदा. He said, "I am a boy."  या speech मध्ये said हे    Reporting verb असून "I am a boy." हे त्याचे direct speech आहे. 

Reported speech -  अवतरण चिन्हाच्या आतील कथनास Reported speech असे म्हणतात.

 Direct speech चे Indirect speech मध्ये रुपांतर करताना काही सर्वनामांचा, शब्दांचा आणि काळाचा बदल होतो तो बदल कसा होतो, तेआपण अभ्यासू. 

  १) सर्वनामांचा बदल (The changes of the pronouns)

A)  First person pronouns (I, we) - 

( प्रथम पुरुषी सर्वनामे ) 

 First person pronouns ही reporting verb मधील कर्त्याच्या लिंग, वचन व  पुरुष या प्रमाणे बदलतात.

उदा. १) Seeta said, "I am a girl." (direct speech) 

- Seeta said that she was a girl. (Indirect spech)

2) The boys said, "We are dancing." (Direct speech)

 - The boys said that they were dancing. (Indirect Speech. 

B) Second person pronouns - (You, You)

 द्वितीय पुरुषी सर्वनामे  

Second person pronouns (You, You)

ही ज्याला भाषण उद्देशून केले असेल  त्यांच्या लिंग, वचन, पुरुषाप्रमाणे बदलतात.

Example 

1) Seeta said to Ram, "You are going." (direct Speech)

 - Seeta told Ram that he was going. (indirect Speech) 

2) The teacher says to Gouri, "You are a clever girl."(direct Speech)

  - The teacher says Gouri that she is a clever girl.(indirect Speech) 

C ) Third person   (He, She, It, They) -  ( तृतीय पुरुषी सर्वनामे ) 

   बदलत नाहीत-Indirect speech मध्ये जशी च्या तशी रहातात (He, she, it) 

 उदा. 1) The teacher said, "He is a boy".   (Direct speech).

  - The teacher said that he was a boy". (Indirect speech).

Direct speech चे Indirect speech करताना होणारे वेळदर्शक व इतर काही शब्दांचे बदल खालीलप्रमाणे ....

Direct Speech       Indirect Speech

 This                           That

 These                      Those

• Here                       There

• Now                         Then

• Today                      That day

. Hence                      Thence 

 • Tonight                 That night

. Come.                      go

. Thus                         so 

Tomorrow                The next day

 • Yesterday               The day before 

. Ago                           before

Next week.              The following week

• Last week              The week before 

•I/ You                       He, she

• We / You             -they 

• Me / You            • him, her

 • Us / you      -    them

My / your.           -his/her

Our  -                       their

Rule-If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the tense of the verb in reported speech, is changed into corresponding Past tense.

* जर Reporting verb भूतकाळी असेल तर Reported speech मधील क्रियापदांचा काळ बदलतो. काळांचा बदल पुढीलप्रमाणे.

Direct   -   becomes -   Indirect

1) Simple Present - -becomes  Simple past

2) Present continuous --becomes - Continuous Past

3) Present perfect -becomes  - Perfect Past

4) Present perfect continuous- -becomes

Perfect Past

5) Simple past  -becomes-  Perfect Past

6) Past continuous   - becomes   - Perfect Continuous Past

7) Past Perfect   -  remains-  Perfect Past

If the tense of the reporting verb is in the present or future, the tense of the verb in the reported speech is not changed.

जर reporting verb वर्तमानकाळी किंवा भविष्यकाळी असेल तर reported speech मधील काळ बदलत नाही. फक्त सर्वनामांचा व शब्दांचा बदल होतो. 

उदा. 1) He is saying, "I was suffering from fever." (direct)

-He is saying that he was suffering from fever. (indirect)

2) He will say, "She will tell a lie." (direct) 

    -He will say that she will tell a lie.

3) I say, "I am reading." 

 -   I say that I am reading.

Direct speech चे Indirect speech मध्ये रुपांतर करताना,

1) Reporting verb नंतर स्वल्पविराम दिला जात नाही.

2) स्वल्पविराम ऐवजी  that ने   Reported speech  जोडतात. 

3) अवतरण चिन्हे (Inverted Commas) काढून टाकले जातात.

* Four kinds of sentence (वाक्याचे प्रकार चार)

A) Simple Sentence - साधे वाक्य 

B) Interrogative Sentence - प्रश्नार्थक वाक्य 

C) Exclamatory Sentence उद्गार वाचक वाक्य

D) Imperative Sentence  - आज्ञार्थी वाक्य

A) Direct and Indirect of Simple Sentence.

साध्या  वाक्याचे प्रत्यक्ष आणि अप्रत्यक्ष कथन -

1)  Simple Sentence ( साध्या वाक्या ) चे  indirect करताना reporting verb said घ्यावे. said to असेल तर told घ्यावे.

2) जोडशब्द that घ्यावा.

3) सर्वनाम, शब्द, व काळाचा बदल सुरवातीस सांगितलेल्या नियमाप्रमाणे करावा.

उदा.

1) Direct Speech-

He said, "My Mother cooks our breakfast". Indirect speech-

He said that his mother cooked their breakfast.

 2) Direct Speech-

 Rama said, "I am casting vote to Sonia".

Indirect Speech -

 Rama said that he was casting vote to Sonia.

3) Direct Speech-Mr. Pawar said, "I am going to Delhi".

 Indirect Speech-

 Mr. Pawar Said that he was going to Delhi. 

4) Direct Speech-The teacher said to the student "We are learning". 

 Indirect Speech-The teacher told the students that they were learning.

5) Direct Speech-Alfred said to Anna, "I met my friend yesterday."

Indirect Speech-Alfred told Anna that he had met his friend the day before."

Universal Truth (त्रिकालबाधित सत्य) : दिलेले वाक्य हे त्रिकालबाधित सत्य असेल तर काळामध्ये कोणताही बदल होत नाही.

Seeta said, "The Earth is round." 

Seeta said that the Earth is round.

उदा.

1) Direct Speech-The teacher said, "The sun rises in the east." 

Indirect Speech-The teacher said that the sun rises in the east. 

Habitual fact ( व्यावहारिक सत्य) :

उदा.

1) Direct Speech-Gopi said, "Wealth brings friend."

 Indirect Speech-Gopi said that wealth brings friend. 

 2) Direct Speech-

 He said "Man is mortal." 

 Indirect Speech-He said that man is mortal.

Principles in life (जीवनातील तत्वे) :

उदा. 1) Ram said, "Honesty is the best policy." Ram said that honesty is the best policy. अशा प्रकारे वरील उदाहारणात आपण पाहिले की Reporting verb भूतकाळात असून देखील Reported speech मधील क्रियापदाच्या काळाचा बदल होत नाही Indirect मध्ये ती जशीच्या तशी लिहिली जातात.

 B) Direct and Indirect of Interrogative Sentence 

प्रश्नार्थक वाक्याचे प्रत्यक्ष आणि अप्रत्यक्ष कथन 

Two kinds of questions प्रश्न दोन प्रकारचे असतात.

1) Verbal question किंवा Yes / No. Type question .

  ह्या प्रश्नांची सुरुवात To be च्या रुपाने म्हणजे  साह्यकारी क्रियापदांने होते. am, is, are, was, were, shall, will, have, has, had, do, does, did, can, may, must etc.

2) Wh-Questions- ज्यांची सुरुवात Wh ने होते उदा. What, Where, When, Why, Who, Which, Whose, Whom , How ,  How many आणि   How much इत्यादी.

* प्रथम आपण Verbal questions  म्हणजे Yes / No. Answer येणाऱ्या  question Type  चे indirect पाहू. 

1) Reporting verb asked घ्यावे.

2) जोड शब्द if किंवा  whether घ्यावा.

3) अवतरण चिन्हांमधील प्रश्नार्थक वाक्याचे विधानार्थी वाक्यात रुपांतर करावे म्हणजे वाक्याला सरळरूप द्यावे. 4) प्रश्नार्थक वाक्याचे विधानार्थी वाक्य झाल्यामुळे शेवटी प्रश्नचिन्ह देऊ नये तर पूर्णविराम द्यावा.

उदा.

Direct :

He said to her, "Do you like my idea?"

Indirect: He asked her if she liked his idea. Direct : The old man said to the boys", Is this your play ground?"

Indirect: The old man asked the boys if that was their play ground. 

Direct : Rama said to seeta "Have you taken breakfast?"

Indirect: Rama asked seeta if she had taken breakfast.

Direct :Sumit said to Rasika, “Are you willing to play cricket?"

Indirect : Sumit asked Rasika if she was willing to play cricket.

'Wh' questions Indirect speech

'Wh' प्रश्नांचे अप्रत्यक्ष कथन

1. Reporting verb asked घ्यावे.

2. जो शब्द प्रश्नार्थक शब्द असतो तोच पुढील Clause जोडण्याचे काम करतो. 

3. जोडशब्द (Conjunction) वापरला जात नाही.

4. अवतरण चिन्हांतील वाक्याचे प्रश्नार्थक स्वरुप नाहीसे होऊन ते विधानार्थी स्वरुपाचे बनते. म्हणजेच वाक्याला सरळरुप द्यावे. म्हणजे कर्ता + क्रियापद + कर्म अशी वाक्य रचना करावी लागते.

5. क्रियापदाचे काळ व सर्वनामे, शब्द यांच्यात नियमाप्रमाणे आवश्यक बदल होतातच. 

उदा. Direct   speech  - ,She said to him, "Where are you going?"

Indirect : She asked him where he was going. 

Direct: Raya said to his mother, "Why have you not washed my  school dress?"

Indirect: Raya asked his mother why she had not washed his school  dress.

Direct: He said, "What is the matter?"

 Indirect: He asked what the matter was. Indirect : Father asked where his school was. Direct : Mother said, "When will you come?" Indirect : Mother asked when he would come.

Direct: Father said, "Where is your school?"

Direct : The teacher said, "Whose bag is this?" 

Indirect: The teacher asked whose bag that was.

Direct : "Why don't you go to school?" said father to his son. 

Indirect: Father asked his son why he did not go to school.

 C) Exclamatory sentences indirect speech उद्गारवाचक वाक्याचे अप्रत्यक्ष कथन

उद्गारवाचक वाक्याचे अप्रत्यक्ष कथन करताना उद्गारवाचक शब्द संबोधने अगर उद्गार वाचक शब्दसमूह गाळून टाकावेत. उद्गारार्थी वाक्याचे विधानार्थी वाक्य करावे.

1. Reporting verb exclaimed घ्यावे.

2. जोडशब्द (Conjunction) that घ्यावे

3. काळ, शब्द, सर्वनामांचा बदल अगोदर अभ्यासलेल्या नियमाप्रमाणे होतो.

उदा :- 

Direct: The Woman said, "My God! I am ruined"

 Indirect: The woman exclaimed that she was ruined.

Direct: Mona said, "What a beautiful flower it is !" 

Indirect: Mona exclaimed that it was a very beautiful flower.

Direct: Rama said, "Alas! She is dead." Indirect: Rama exclaimed with sorrow that she was dead.

Direct : The teacher said, "What a stroke !" 

Indirect: The teacher exclaimed that it was a wonderful stroke.

 उद्गारवाचक शब्द किंवा शब्द समुहाबद्दल Direct चे Indirect करताना pray, cry out, bless व wish असे शब्दही reporting verb म्हणून योजले जातात.

उदा.

Direct: The girl said, "O! All my hopes are lost" 

Indirect: The girl cried out that all her hopes were lost.

Direct: He said, Bravo! "you have done well." Indirect: He praised him that he had done well.

Direct: She said, "O God! forgive this boy." Indirect : She prayed that god should forgive that boy.

 D) Imperative sentence चे  indirect speech. आज्ञार्थी वाक्याचे अप्रत्यक्ष कथन

The beginning of the imperative sentence is of root verb, first form of the verb

आज्ञार्थी वाक्याची सुरुवात मूळ क्रियापदाने होते.

1. Reporting verb Direct मध्ये असलेल्या आज्ञार्थाचा भाव indirect मध्ये देखील व्यक्त व्हावा यासाठी त्या अर्थानुसार ordered, commanded, requested, 

prayed begged advised वगैरेपैकी योग्य क्रियापद योजावे. आज्ञार्थी वाक्याचे आज्ञा असेल तर asked विनंती असेल तर requested सल्ला, उपदेश असेल तर advised हुकुम असेल तर ordered, शेवटी काहीही अर्थ स्पष्ट होत नसेल तर told वापरावे. 

2. जोडशब्द (Conjunction) to वापरावे.

3. काळाचा बदल करु नये सर्वनामे, शब्द यांचा बदल नियमाप्रमाणे होतो. उदा.

Direct : Captain said, "Stand by your guns."

Indirect: Captain commanded to stand by their guns. Direct: The beggar said to old lady, "Give me something to eat."

Indirect: The beggar requested the lady to give her something to eat.

Direct: He said to me, "Please, lend me a rupee."

Indirect: He requested me to lend him a rupee.

Direct: Father said to me "Bring the watch."

Indirect: Father ordered me to bring the watch. आज्ञार्थी वाक्याची सुरुवात Don't ने होत असेल तर दोन वाक्ये to ऐवजी not to ने जोडावीत (Don't शब्द गाळावा.)

उदा.

Direct: The teacher said, "Students, don't disturb me" 

Indirect: The teacher ordered students not to disturb him.

Direct: Mother said, "Don't go out" 

Indirect: Mother ordered not to go out.

Direct: He said "Don't shut the door"

Indirect: He ordered not to shut the door.

Let's Indirect Speech

Let's चे अप्रत्यक्ष कथन Let's या शब्दाची फोड केली असता Let us अशी होते.

१. वाक्य जेंव्हा Let's ने सुरु होते तेंव्हा एखादी क्रिया त्या वाक्यात सुचविलेली असते म्हणून Reporting verb. Suggested किंवा proposed घ्यावे.

२. जोडशब्द (Conjunction) that घ्यावा.

३. Let's साठी Indirect मध्ये that च्या पुढे they should घ्यावे.

४. काळाचा बदल होत नाही उर्वरित वाक्य जसेच्या तसे Indirect मध्ये लिहावे.

उदा.

Direct: Rama said, "Let's watch the T.V."

Indirect: Rama suggested that they should watch the T.V. Direct: He said, "Let's go to the market"

Indirect: He suggested that they should go to the market"

Direct: Seeta said, "Let's not sell the car" Indirect : Seeta suggeested that they should not sell the car"

Direct: Gopi said, Mother, let us go to the cinema" Indirect: Gopi requested mother to let them go to the cinema. let ही क्रियापद allow या अर्थाने आले तर ती suggestion नाही. वरील

प्रमाणे त्याचे Indirect केले जाईल. * Optative Sentence Indirect speech

इच्छा दर्शक वाक्याचे अप्रत्यक्ष कथन

Optative viz expressing wish or desire 1. Reporting verb= wished - When good, good noon, good afternoon, good evening is used.

bade - When good night, good bye farewell is used. 

Wished - When, would what! of that ! o for! is used.

2) जोडशब्द (Conjunction) that

3) काळाचा बदल, शब्द, सर्वनामांचा बदल अभ्यासलेल्या नियमाप्रमाणे.

उदा.

Direct: I said to my teacher, "Good morning, sir".

होतो.

Indirect: I respectfully wished my teacher that good morning. Direct: Sumit said, "Good bye friends, we shall meet after the vacation.

Indirect: Sumit bade good bye his friend that they would meet after the vacation.

Direct: The leader said, "Farewell, my friends and countrymen" 

Indirect: The leader bade his friends and countrymen that  farewell.

Direct: She said, " For a glass of water" Indirect: She wished that for a glass of water.